Nanoparticles for MRI-guided radiation therapy: a review

Abstract The development of nanoparticle agents for MRI-guided radiotherapy is growing at an increasing pace, with clinical trials now underway and many pre-clinical evaluation studies ongoing. Gadolinium iron-oxide-based nanoparticles remain the most clinically advanced to date, although several promising candidates are currently under varying stages development. Goals current future generation nanoparticle-based contrast include achieving positive signal on T1-weighted MRI scans, local radiation enhancement relevant concentrations and, where applicable, avoidance uptake by reticuloendothelial system. Exploiting enhanced permeability retention effect or use active targeting ligands surfaces utilised promote tumour uptake. This review outlines status therapy, including platforms undergoing various process. Challenges facing possible avenues discussed.